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On This Day ... in 1338 & Others

The French admiral Nicholas Behuchet led a devastating naval raid on Portsmouth. His ships appeared in the Solent flying English flags and caught the town completely by surprise. Despite its importance as a base, Edward III had not provided properly for its defence, and the French troops who landed were able to burn the town, sparing only the church and a hospital, before returning to their ships.

1339: A mercenary fleet of Genoese galleys in French pay attacked Harwich, hoping to disrupt Edward III's supply lines to his army in the Low Countries. Like Portsmouth the year before, Harwich was unprotected despite its importance. This time however, the French and Italian raiders enjoyed far less success. The local militia put up a stout fight and drove them back out of the town. The raiders then attempted three times to set fire to the town, but the wind was blowing in the wrong direction and the flames failed to spread. The sailors returned to their ships and left empty-handed.

1387: The Earl of Arundel secured a major success when ships under his command captured a French-Burgundian merchant fleet.

1917: The first British dedicated night bomber unit, 100 Squadron, was sent to operate in France, equipped with obsolescent BE2 and FE2 aircraft.

1918: Near Eppeville, France, when his company was ordered to withdraw, Corporal John Davies of the Lancashire Regiment knew that the only line of withdrawal lay through a deep stream lined with a belt of barbed wire and that it was imperative to hold up the enemy as long as possible. He mounted the parapet in full view of the enemy in order to get a more effective field of fire and kept his Lewis gun in action to the last, causing many enemy casualties and enabling part of his company to get across the river, which they would otherwise have been unable to do.

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He was taken prisoner after the action for which he was awarded the Victoria Cross & survived the war. During World War II he served once again, this time as a captain in the Home Guard. He died in 1955

1944: Halifax LW 430, which took off from RAF Leconfield, North Yorkshire at 1906 hrs, was one of 72 shot down during a 1000-bomber raid on the German capital. It was to prove the second worst night of losses Bomber Command suffered during the war. Unexpected high winds blew the formation far off course and night fighters, along with heavy ground fire, took their toll. LW430 crashed in flames in a field at Torgau, some two hours drive south of Berlin. The crew were buried with full military honours in Berlin on 1 September 2005, sixty-one years after they disappeared.

1945: Commonwealth forces launched an amphibious and airborne assault across the Rhine; Operation Varsity. Bomber Command carpet-bombed Wesel, destroying 97% of the town, before Commandos crossed the river and established a bridgehead in the ruins: the surviving defenders were too dazed to fight. 21,000 airborne forces were also dropped on the east bank, including some light tanks carried in the massive British Hamilcar gliders. The main river crossing was conducted behind a 20-mile long smokescreen.

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During the fighting, a paratrooper fell wounded in the open. Two medics were killed trying to reach him, but undaunted, Corporal Frederick Topham of the Canadian 1st Parachute Battalion then went to his aid. While tending his wounds, Topham was himself shot in the face, but he ignored his injury and carried the man to safety. Later in the day, he managed to rescue three men from a blazing armoured vehicle, the ammunition of which was continually exploding. Topham received the Victoria Cross.

His citation reads;

On 24th March 1945, Corporal Topham, a medical orderly, parachuted with his Battalion on to a strongly defended area east of the Rhine. At about 11:00 hours, whilst treating casualties sustained in the drop, a cry for help came from a wounded man in the open. Two medical orderlies from a field ambulance went out to this man in succession but both were killed as they knelt beside the casualty. Without hesitation and on his own initiative, Corporal Toham went forward through intense fire to replace the orderlies who had been killed before his eyes. As he worked on the wounded man, he was himself shot through the nose. In spite of severe bleeding and intense pain, he never faltered in his task.

Having completed immediate first aid, he carried the wounded man steadily and slowly back through continuous fire to the shelter of a wood. During the next two hours Corporal Topham refused all offers of medical help for his own wound. He worked most devotedly throughout this period to bring in wounded, showing complete disregard for the heavy and accurate enemy fire.

On his way back to his company he came across a carrier which had received a direct hit. Enemy mortar bombs were still dropping around, and the carrier itself was burning fiercely and its own mortar ammunition was exploding. An experienced officer on the spot had warned all not to approach the carrier. Corporal Topham, however, immediately went out alone in spite of the blasting ammunition and enemy fire, and rescued the three occupants of the carrier. He brought these men back across the open and although one died almost immediately afterwards, he arranged for the evacuation of the other two, who undoubtedly owe their lives to him.

This N.C.O. showed sustained gallantry of the highest order. For six hours, most of the time in great pain, he performed a series of acts of outstanding bravery and his magnificent and selfless courage inspired all those who witnessed it.

After demobilization he worked at Toronto Hydro. He died on the 31st of March 1974 and is buried in Toronto.

2003: British forces completed operations to secure Umm Qasr, Iraq's deep water port, while Royal Navy and Royal Australian Navy minehunters and divers worked in very difficult weather to clear a safe channel into the port.

Comments

And also on this day in 1944 German troops murdered 335 Italian civilians in the Ardeatine Massacre in Rome.
Allied PoWs start The Great Escape from Stalag Luft III near Zagan in Poland. Before an attempted escaper was spotted leaving the tunnel at 5am on 25 March, 76 PoWs escaped, only 3 reaching Sweden or Spain. Of the 73 who were recaptured, 50 were murdered on Hitler's orders by the Gestapo.

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